"Preface The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has published four major rules implementing a number of provisions and regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 1999 as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). These rules are the Privacy Rule; the Electronic Transactions and Code Sets Rule; the National Identifier requirements for employers, providers, and health plans; and the Security Rule. It also include more regulatory control over enforcement actions and stiffer penalties for noncompliance. There are many healthcare providers, healthcare clearinghouses, and health plans that are required to implement and comply with these rules, especially the Security Rule. Failure to implement or comply with these rules can leave the covered entity or others that need to comply open for large monetary fi
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